Kanchipuram Temples, located approximately 75 km southwest of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, is revered as one of India’s seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) and known as the “City of Thousand Temples,” with a documented history spanning over 2,000 years as a center of Tamil learning, culture, and Hindu religious significance. The city houses three supreme temples known collectively as “Mumurtivasam” (residence of three deities): Ekambareswarar Temple representing Lord Shiva, Kamakshi Amman Temple representing Goddess Parvati, and Varadaraja Perumal Temple representing Lord Vishnu, which together form the spiritual heart of this ancient pilgrimage destination.
Kanchipuram served as the capital of the Pallava dynasty (3rd-9th centuries CE) who built magnificent temples that later rulers including Cholas, Vijayanagara kings, and others expanded and embellished, creating an architectural legacy spanning multiple dynasties and styles.
The Ekambareswarar Temple is one of the five Pancha Bhoota Sthalams (five element temples) representing Prithvi (earth), featuring the famous 3,500-year-old sacred mango tree with four branches bearing different-tasting mangoes and housing a Shiva lingam made of earth/sand by Goddess Parvati during her penance.
The Varadaraja Perumal Temple, one of the 108 Divya Desams, preserves the extraordinary Athi Varadar idol—the original deity stored underwater in the temple tank for centuries and brought out only once every 40 years for 48 days of worship, with the most recent appearance drawing lakhs of devotees daily. The Kamakshi Amman Temple is one of only three major Shakti Peethas in India (along with Madurai and Varanasi) where the goddess is worshipped in a sitting posture, with the main deity’s feet symbolically installed here while a golden Bangaru Kamakshi idol resides in Thanjavur.
This comprehensive guide provides the complete list of major Kanchipuram temples with their significance and legends, detailed timings and visiting protocols, optimal one-day and two-day itineraries, architectural highlights and historical importance, practical travel information from Chennai, and what Kanchipuram reveals about Hindu philosophy‘s integration of Shaivite, Vaishnavite, and Shakta traditions in one sacred city.
The Big Three: Mumurtivasam Temples
1. Ekambareswarar Temple (Shiva)
Deity: Lord Shiva as Ekambareswarar (representing the Prithvi/Earth lingam)
- One of the five Pancha Bhoota Sthalams representing the earth element
- “One of the temples associated with the five elements” – the element of earth or Prithvi
- Among the most important Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu
- 3,500-year-old mango tree exists within the temple premises
- Four branches, each bearing mangoes of different tastes
- “The mango tree where this happened exists in the temple and is believed to be several thousand years old”
- Parvati performed penance under this tree
- “Once, Parvati was performing penance on Shiva in the form of a Prithvi Lingam, made out of sand under a mango tree, to expatiate herself from a curse”
- The Kaveri River flooded, threatening to wash away her sand lingam
- Parvati embraced the lingam to protect it
- Shiva, pleased with her devotion, appeared and married her
- “The deity worshiped in the temple is the Prithvi lingam”
- Originally built by Pallavas
- “Existing structure then, was pulled down and rebuilt by the later Chola Kings”
- “Adi Sankara, the 10th-century saint got Kanchipuram remodelled along with expansion of this temple along with Kamakshi Amman temple and Varadaraja Perumal Temple with the help of local rulers”
- Massive temple complex with towering gopurams
- Expansive courtyards and mandapams
- Morning: 6:00 AM – 12:30 PM
- Evening: 4:00 PM – 8:30 PM
Address:
Periya, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 631502
2. Kamakshi Amman Temple (Shakti/Parvati)
Deity: Goddess Kamakshi (Parvati) in her benevolent form
- One of only three major Shakti Peethas in India (along with Madurai and Varanasi)
- Highest manifestation of Adi Parashakti, the Supreme Goddess in Shaktism
- Also known as Kamakoti Nayaki Kovil
- Central shrine for goddess worship in Tamil Nadu
- “Goddess Parvati was born on earth as Kamakshi to kill the demon Bhandasura”
- “Kamakshi devi performed a one-leg penance of needlepoint to persuade Shiva to marry her”
- The goddess is depicted in sitting posture (rare for Shakti shrines)
- “Bangaru meaning gold, refers to the idol made completely of gold”
- “The feet of Bangaru Kamakshi are symbolically installed in the Kanchipuram temple and worshiped”
- The full golden idol is in Thanjavur
- Creates spiritual connection between two cities
- Temple also houses shrine dedicated to Lord Vishnu in his Varaha (boar) avatar
- Demonstrates integration of Shaivite, Shakta, and Vaishnavite traditions
- Temple expanded by Adi Sankara in the 10th century along with Ekambareswarar and Varadaraja Perumal temples
- Part of his effort to establish proper worship centers
- Morning: 5:30 AM – 12:30 PM
- Evening: 4:00 PM – 8:30 PM
Address:
Kamakshi Amman Sannadhi Street, Periya Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu 631502
3. Varadaraja Perumal Temple (Vishnu)
Deity: Lord Vishnu as Varadaraja Perumal (the one who grants boons)
- One of the 108 Divya Desams – divine places glorified by the 12 Alwar saints
- Among the most prominent Vishnu temples in Tamil Nadu
- Major Vaishnavite pilgrimage center
- “Athi Varadhar was the original deity of the Varadaraja Perumal temple”
- During Mughal invasion: “The Athi Varadhar idol was stored and hidden in an underground chamber in the temple tank Anantha Sarovaram”
- The Devarajaswamy idol replaced the deity in the temple
- “After several hundred years, the Athi Varadar idol was found in the temple pond in the underground chamber”
- “Grand pujas were performed for the deity for 48 days. After 48 days, the idol was kept back in the chamber in the temple pond”
- “The tradition continues till date, that every 40 years, the Athi Varadar idol is removed from temple tank, worshiped for 48 days and returned to the pond”
- “Lakhs of devotees offer their prayers to the deity each day in these 48 days and experience the aura of their magnificent God”
- Most recent appearance: 2019; next appearance: 2059
Architecture:
- Magnificent Dravidian temple architecture
- Tall gopurams
- Sacred tank (Anantha Sarovaram) housing Athi Varadar
- Morning: 6:00 AM – 12:00 PM
- Evening: 3:00 PM – 9:00 PM
Address:
Nethaji Nagar, Kanchipuram
- “Mu – Three, Murti – Idol/Deity, Vasam – Aroma”
- The three temples together represent the Hindu trinity plus the goddess
- Reflects theological completeness: Shiva (destroyer/transformer), Vishnu (preserver), Shakti (divine feminine power)
Other Major Temples in Kanchipuram
4. Kailasanathar Temple
Deity: Lord Shiva as Kailasanathar
- “The oldest structure in Kancheepuram dedicated to Lord Shiva”
- “Built in 7th century AD by a Pallava king named Rajasimha known as Narasimhavarman II”
- Represents the earliest surviving temple architecture in Kanchipuram
- Architectural gem showcasing Pallava style
- “The Shiva lingam in this temple is 10 feet high”
- Exquisite stone carvings
- Ancient frescoes (though faded)
- Compact compared to later temples but historically invaluable
- Morning: 6:00 AM – 12:00 PM
- Evening: 4:00 PM – 7:00 PM (or 8:30 PM per some sources)
5. Vaikuntaperumal Temple
Deity: Lord Vishnu as Vaikuntaperumal
Significance:
- Another important Vishnu temple in Kanchipuram
- Built during Pallava period
- Historical inscriptions documenting Pallava dynasty
6. Chitragupta Swamy Temple
Deity: Lord Chitragupta (divine accountant who records karma)
Unique Feature:
- One of the few temples dedicated to Chitragupta
- Believed to help devotees overcome karmic obstacles
Address:
Nellukara St, Kanchipuram
7. Trilokyanatha Temple
Deity: Lord Shiva as Trilokyanatha
Address:
Pillaiyarpalayam, Kanchipuram
8. Satyanatheswarar Temple (Thirukalimedu)
Deity: Lord Shiva as Satyanatheswarar (Karaivananathar)
- Also known as Karaivananathar Temple or Thirukalimedu Temple
- One of the Paadal Petra Sthalams – sanctified in the 7th-century Tamil Saiva canonical work Tevaram
- Composed by the revered Nayanmars (Tamil saint poets)
- Goddess Parvati worshipped as Pramarambikai
Address:
Thirukalimedu, Kanchipuram
9. Ashtabujakara Perumal Temple
Deity: Lord Vishnu with eight arms (Ashtabuja = eight arms)
Significance:
- One of several Divya Desams in Kanchipuram
- Unique iconography of eight-armed Vishnu
Address:
Gandhi Rd, Kanchipuram
10. Kumara Kottam
Deity: Lord Murugan (Kartikeya)
11. Kachapeshwarar Temple
Deity: Lord Shiva as Kachapeshwarar
- Another prominent temple mentioned in historical records
- Part of Kanchipuram’s rich temple heritage
12. Vallakottai Murugan Temple
Deity: Lord Murugan
Address:
Vallakottai, Kanchipuram
One-Day Temple Itinerary
Morning Session (6:00 AM – 12:00 PM)
- Begin at 6:00-6:30 AM to maximize temple time before noon closure
- Temples close around 12:00-12:30 PM for afternoon break
6:30 AM – 8:00 AM: Kamakshi Amman Temple
- Opens earliest (5:30 AM)
- Less crowded in early morning
- Peaceful darshan of the goddess
8:00 AM – 10:00 AM: Ekambareswarar Temple
- Visit the 3,500-year-old mango tree
- Darshan of the earth lingam
- Explore the expansive temple complex
10:30 AM – 12:00 PM: Kailasanathar Temple
- Oldest temple, architectural masterpiece
- Appreciate Pallava-era artistry
- Quieter temple with fewer crowds
Afternoon Break (12:00 PM – 4:00 PM)
- “You can finish lunch and do some shopping at this time”
- Kanchipuram famous for silk sarees
- Visit silk weaving centers and shops
- Enjoy traditional South Indian meal
Evening Session (4:00 PM – 8:30 PM)
4:00 PM – 6:00 PM: Varadaraja Perumal Temple
- Major Vishnu temple
- Allow 2 hours for complete darshan
- Evening rituals and arati
Optional Evening Temples:
If time permits, visit additional temples:
- Vaikuntaperumal Temple
- Any other specific temples of interest
Dress Code Advisory
Important Restrictions:
- “Ladies or Gents – Do Not wear Shorts / Jeans / T-Shirts”
- “Keep a dhoti with you in case if they insist. (They do sometimes)”
Appropriate Attire:
- Men: Dhoti, traditional kurta, or formal pants with shirt
- Women: Saree, churidar, salwar kameez
- Modest clothing covering shoulders and knees
Two-Day Comprehensive Itinerary
Day 1: Major Temples
Morning:
- Kamakshi Amman Temple
- Ekambareswarar Temple
- Kailasanathar Temple
Afternoon: Lunch and silk shopping
Evening:
- Varadaraja Perumal Temple
- Vaikuntaperumal Temple
Day 2: Additional Temples and Exploration
Morning:
- Chitragupta Swamy Temple
- Ashtabujakara Perumal Temple
- Satyanatheswarar Temple
Afternoon: Visit silk weaving demonstrations, museums
Evening:
- Kumara Kottam
- Other smaller temples of interest
- Leisurely exploration of temple town atmosphere
Practical Visiting Information
How to Reach Kanchipuram
From Chennai (75 km):
By Road:
- NH 48 (Chennai-Bangalore Highway)
- 2-2.5 hours drive depending on traffic
- Private car, taxi, or bus options
By Train:
- Trains from Chennai Central/Egmore to Kanchipuram
- Approximately 1.5-2 hours
- Multiple trains daily
By Bus:
- Frequent buses from Chennai Koyambedu bus stand
- State transport and private buses
- Economical option
Nearest Railway Station: Kanchipuram Railway Station
Nearest Airport: Chennai International Airport (75 km)
Best Time to Visit
Year-Round Destination:
- Temples open throughout the year
Weather Considerations:
- October to March: Pleasant weather (20-30°C)
- April to June: Hot (35-40°C); visit early morning/evening
- Monsoon (July-September): Moderate rainfall; fewer crowds
Festival Times:
- Brahmotsavam (various temples, different months)
- Panguni Uthiram (March-April)
- Navaratri (September-October) at Kamakshi Amman
- Festivals bring crowds but vibrant atmosphere
Where to Stay
Hotels in Kanchipuram:
- Budget lodges: ₹500-1,500 per night
- Mid-range hotels: ₹2,000-4,000 per night
- Limited luxury options; most stay in Chennai
Stay in Chennai:
- More accommodation options
- Day trip to Kanchipuram
- Return to Chennai for night
Food and Dining
Local Cuisine:
- Traditional South Indian vegetarian food
- Temple prasadam
- Street food near temples
Restaurants:
- Several vegetarian restaurants near temple areas
- Hotel restaurants for multi-cuisine
Shopping in Kanchipuram
Famous Silk Sarees:
- Kanchipuram silk known worldwide
- Pure silk with zari (gold thread) work
- Visit authorized silk weavers and showrooms
- Verify authenticity with silk mark
Shopping Areas:
- Gandhi Road
- Nethaji Street
- Kamatchi Amman Sannidhi Street
General Temple Etiquette
Entry Protocols:
- Remove footwear before entering
- Footwear stands available (small fee ₹5-10)
- Some temples have free shoe racks
Photography:
- Generally prohibited inside sanctum sanctorum
- Allowed in outer areas in some temples
- Always ask permission
Offerings:
- Flowers, coconuts, fruits available at temple shops
- Archana services (₹10-100 depending on temple)
- Prasadam available after worship
Conduct:
- Maintain silence inside temples
- Follow queue discipline
- Respect religious sentiments
Historical and Cultural Context
Kanchipuram’s Ancient Heritage
One of Seven Sacred Cities:
- Among India’s Sapta Puri (seven sacred cities)
- Mentioned in ancient Tamil literature
- Center of learning and culture for over 2,000 years
Capital of Pallava Dynasty:
- 3rd to 9th centuries CE
- Golden age of temple construction
- Developed unique Pallava architectural style
Subsequent Patronage:
- Chola dynasty additions (9th-13th centuries)
- Vijayanagara Empire contributions (14th-17th centuries)
- Continuous development over centuries
Architectural Significance
Pallava Style:
- Kailasanathar Temple epitomizes early Pallava architecture
- Rock-cut and structural temples
- Intricate stone carvings
Chola Contributions:
- Expansion of existing temples
- Towering gopurams
- Grand vimanas (temple towers over sanctum)
Dravidian Excellence:
- Kanchipuram temples showcase Dravidian architecture evolution
- Pyramidal gopurams
- Mandapams with sculpted pillars
- Sacred tanks and courtyards
Religious Importance
Integration of Traditions:
- Shaivite, Vaishnavite, and Shakta temples coexist
- Demonstrates Hindu theological diversity
- Mumurtivasam concept unique to Kanchipuram
Pilgrimage Significance:
- Essential stop on South India temple circuit
- Divya Desam temples attract Vaishnavite pilgrims
- Shakti Peetha status brings Devi devotees
- Pancha Bhoota Sthalam connection for Shaivites
Educational Legacy
Ancient Learning Center:
- Famous for Vedic scholarship
- Sanskrit and Tamil literary traditions
- Buddhist and Jain presence in ancient times
Adi Sankara’s Role:
- 10th-century visit and temple reorganization
- Established proper worship protocols
- Promoted Advaita Vedanta philosophy
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the three main temples in Kanchipuram?
The three main temples known as Mumurtivasam are: 1) Ekambareswarar Temple (Shiva) representing the earth element with a 3,500-year-old mango tree and Prithvi lingam made by Parvati, 2) Kamakshi Amman Temple (Goddess Parvati) – one of only three major Shakti Peethas in India where Kamakshi is worshipped in sitting posture, and 3) Varadaraja Perumal Temple (Vishnu) – one of 108 Divya Desams housing the Athi Varadar idol brought out from underwater storage once every 40 years. “Mumurtivasam” means residence of three deities representing Shiva, Parvati, and Vishnu.
What is the Athi Varadar 40-year tradition?
The Athi Varadar is the original deity of Varadaraja Perumal Temple that was hidden underwater in the temple tank during Mughal invasion and is brought out only once every 40 years for 48 days of worship. After the idol was rediscovered in the underground chamber of Anantha Sarovaram tank, “grand pujas were performed for the deity for 48 days, after which the idol was kept back in the chamber,” establishing a tradition that continues today. “Lakhs of devotees offer their prayers to the deity each day in these 48 days” during its appearance. The most recent appearance was in 2019; the next will be in 2059.
What are the temple timings in Kanchipuram?
Kanchipuram temples generally follow this schedule: Morning sessions from 6:00-6:30 AM to 12:00-12:30 PM, afternoon closure from 12:00 PM to 3:00-4:00 PM, and evening sessions from 3:00-4:00 PM to 7:00-9:00 PM depending on the specific temple. Kamakshi Amman Temple opens earliest at 5:30 AM, while Varadaraja Perumal Temple has the latest evening closing at 9:00 PM. “All temples closed by 12 and re-opens at 4pm,” so visitors should plan lunch and shopping during this break.
Can Kanchipuram temples be visited in one day?
Yes, the major Kanchipuram temples can be visited in one day with efficient planning. A recommended itinerary: 6:30-8:00 AM Kamakshi Amman, 8:00-10:00 AM Ekambareswarar, 10:30 AM-12:00 PM Kailasanathar, lunch and shopping during 12:00-4:00 PM closure, and 4:00-6:00 PM Varadaraja Perumal. However, a two-day visit allows more leisurely exploration of additional temples, silk weaving demonstrations, and deeper appreciation of each site’s architecture and legends. Early morning start (6:00-6:30 AM) is essential to maximize darshan time before noon closure.
What is the dress code for Kanchipuram temples?
Strict dress codes apply: “Ladies or Gents – Do Not wear Shorts / Jeans / T-Shirts”. Men should wear dhoti or formal pants with shirt (“Keep a dhoti with you in case if they insist”), while women should wear saree, churidar, or salwar kameez covering shoulders and knees. Traditional attire is strongly preferred, and some temples may deny entry for inappropriate clothing. Footwear must be removed before entering all temples, with paid footwear stands available (₹5-10).
How far is Kanchipuram from Chennai?
Kanchipuram is approximately 75 km southwest of Chennai, taking about 2-2.5 hours by road via NH 48 (Chennai-Bangalore Highway) or 1.5-2 hours by train from Chennai Central/Egmore stations. Multiple transportation options include private cars, taxis, frequent state transport and private buses from Chennai Koyambedu bus stand, and several daily trains to Kanchipuram Railway Station. Chennai International Airport is the nearest airport at 75 km distance, making Kanchipuram easily accessible as a day trip or overnight visit from Chennai.
What is special about Ekambareswarar Temple?
Ekambareswarar Temple is one of the five Pancha Bhoota Sthalams representing the Prithvi (earth) element, where Goddess Parvati created a Shiva lingam from sand/earth during her penance under a 3,500-year-old sacred mango tree with four branches, each bearing mangoes of different tastes. The temple houses the Prithvi lingam made by Parvati when she embraced it to protect from Kaveri River flooding. Originally built by Pallavas and rebuilt by later Chola kings, it was expanded by Adi Sankara in the 10th century alongside Kamakshi Amman and Varadaraja Perumal temples.
Why is Kanchipuram called the City of Thousand Temples?
Kanchipuram earned the title “City of Thousand Temples” due to its extraordinary concentration of Hindu temples built over 2,000+ years as the capital of the Pallava dynasty (3rd-9th centuries CE) and subsequent patronage by Chola, Vijayanagara, and Nayaka rulers. The city houses major Shaivite, Vaishnavite, and Shakta temples including several Divya Desams, Pancha Bhoota Sthalams, Shakti Peethas, and Paadal Petra Sthalams. As one of India’s seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri), Kanchipuram developed as a major pilgrimage center and learning hub, with continuous temple construction creating dense sacred architecture representing Hindu theological diversity and Dravidian architectural excellence.
Conclusion
Kanchipuram stands as a living museum of Hindu temple architecture and theology—where 2,000+ years of continuous religious devotion, royal patronage, and architectural evolution created an extraordinary urban landscape where sacred shrines occupy almost every street, where three supreme temples (Mumurtivasam) housing Shiva, Parvati, and Vishnu demonstrate Hindu theological integration, and where pilgrims can experience Pancha Bhoota Sthalams, Divya Desams, Shakti Peethas, and Paadal Petra Sthalams all within one compact city.
The Pallava dynasty’s 7th-century Kailasanathar Temple, the Cholas’ expansions of Ekambareswarar with its millennial mango tree, the Shakta tradition’s Kamakshi Amman as one of India’s three major goddess shrines, and the Vaishnavite marvel of Athi Varadar emerging from underwater storage once every 40 years showcase how successive generations preserved, expanded, and enriched sacred heritage while adapting to changing dynasties, theological movements, and historical circumstances.
The practical challenge of visiting major temples in one day—starting early at Kamakshi Amman (5:30 AM), proceeding to Ekambareswarar and Kailasanathar before noon closure, utilizing the 12:00-4:00 PM break for lunch and silk shopping, then completing evening darshan at Varadaraja Perumal—mirrors the spiritual journey from goddess worship through Shaivite earth symbolism, Pallava antiquity, and culminating in Vishnu’s divine grace, creating a compressed pilgrimage that touches all major Hindu theological streams in twelve hours of disciplined temple-hopping.
Yet the city’s true depth rewards longer stays where leisurely exploration reveals lesser-known shrines like Chitragupta’s karma temple, Satyanatheswarar’s Nayanmars connection, Ashtabujakara’s eight-armed Vishnu, and countless neighborhood temples preserving local legends, ancient inscriptions, and community devotion across centuries.
Whether approached as devoted pilgrim seeking darshan of earth lingam, Athi Varadar, and Kamakshi’s benevolent grace; architecture enthusiast studying Pallava-Chola-Vijayanagara stylistic evolution; cultural tourist shopping for Kanchipuram’s world-famous silk sarees while exploring temple heritage; or scholar investigating how Hindu philosophy integrated competing Shaivite-Vaishnavite-Shakta traditions in sacred urban spaces, the “City of Thousand Temples” offers transformative experiences where Adi Sankara’s 10th-century vision of proper Mumurtivasam worship continues guiding millions who recognize Kanchipuram as essential pilgrimage destination, where architectural marvels built across millennia stand testimony to continuous devotion, where three supreme deities reside in harmonious proximity demonstrating
that Hindu theological diversity strengthens rather than fragments spiritual life, and where every temple visit—whether completing intensive one-day darshan or savoring week-long immersion—connects contemporary devotees to unbroken traditions flowing from Pallava kings through Chola expansions, Vijayanagara renovations, colonial preservation, and modern restoration into the living present where ancient stones still channel divine presence, where 3,500-year-old mango trees still bear fruit under whose shade Parvati worshipped, and where Kanchipuram continues fulfilling its sacred destiny as one of Sapta Puri’s seven cities where heaven touches earth most tangibly.
About the Author
Arvind Mehta – Cultural Heritage & Temple Architecture Specialist
Arvind Mehta is an accomplished writer and researcher specializing in Hindu festivals, temple architecture, and India’s rich cultural traditions. With a Master’s degree in Indian Art History from Maharaja Sayajirao University, she has extensively documented pilgrimage sites, temple iconography, and folk traditions across India. Her work focuses on making India’s spiritual heritage accessible to contemporary audiences while preserving authentic cultural narratives.
