The Ancient Practice of Energy Channel Purification
How to Practice Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (Sanskrit: नाडी शोधन प्राणायाम, literally “channel purification breath control”), universally known as Alternate Nostril Breathing, stands as perhaps the most important pranayama technique in the entire yogic tradition. This deceptively simple practice – alternately breathing through the right and left nostrils while using the fingers to gently close one nostril at a time – creates profound effects that extend far beyond basic breath control.
The technique directly addresses the subtle energy system described in yogic philosophy: 72,000 nadis (energy channels) coursing throughout the body, of which three are paramount – Ida (left channel, lunar energy), Pingala (right channel, solar energy), and Sushumna (central channel, spiritual awakening). When Ida and Pingala become balanced through Nadi Shodhana practice, the dormant Sushumna activates, creating the energetic conditions for meditation to deepen and consciousness to expand beyond ordinary limitations.
What makes this pranayama uniquely powerful is its capacity to simultaneously calm the nervous system while clarifying mental activity. Modern neuroscience confirms what yogis have known for millennia – alternate nostril breathing balances the left and right brain hemispheres, synchronizes logical and intuitive faculties, and activates the parasympathetic “rest and digest” nervous system that counteracts chronic stress. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the foundational text of physical yoga, declares that Nadi Shodhana must be practiced before attempting advanced pranayama techniques, as clogged energy channels prevent prana (life force) from flowing freely, restricting the full benefits of breathwork and meditation.
Whether practiced for five minutes before meditation or as a standalone twenty-minute session, this technique offers accessible yet profound benefits – reduced anxiety, enhanced focus, improved respiratory function, balanced hormones, and the gradual purification of energetic pathways that ultimately support spiritual awakening.
Contemporary yoga practitioners in 2025 worldwide recognize Nadi Shodhana as foundational breathwork that bridges ancient wisdom with modern wellness, providing tangible stress relief while simultaneously preparing the subtle body for higher states of consciousness.
Understanding the Nadis: Energy Channels of the Subtle Body
Before practicing Nadi Shodhana, understanding the nadi system clarifies why this technique is so transformative.
The 72,000 Nadis
Yogic physiology describes 72,000 nadis – subtle energy channels throughout the body that transport prana (vital life force). These are not physical structures visible to anatomy but energetic pathways perceived through yogic practice and inner awareness.
Most of these nadis remain dormant or clogged due to physical toxins, mental impurities, and energetic blockages. When nadis are blocked, prana cannot flow freely, resulting in physical disease, mental agitation, and spiritual stagnation.
Nadi Shodhana specifically targets the purification and activation of these channels. The practice systematically clears obstructions, allowing prana to flow smoothly throughout the body.
The Three Primary Nadis
Of the 72,000 nadis, three are most crucial:
Ida Nadi: The left energy channel, beginning at the left side of the base of the spine and terminating at the left nostril. Ida is associated with:
- Lunar energy (cooling, receptive, feminine)
- Right brain hemisphere (intuition, creativity, holistic perception)
- Parasympathetic nervous system (rest, digestion, healing)
- Mental activity, emotional processing
- Introspection and inner awareness
Pingala Nadi: The right energy channel, beginning at the right side of the base of the spine and terminating at the right nostril. Pingala is associated with:
- Solar energy (heating, active, masculine)
- Left brain hemisphere (logic, analysis, sequential thinking)
- Sympathetic nervous system (action, alertness, fight-or-flight)
- Physical activity, external engagement
- Productivity and outward focus
Sushumna Nadi: The central channel running through the interior of the spinal column from the base to the crown of the head. Sushumna represents:
- Spiritual awakening and transcendence
- The pathway for kundalini energy to rise
- Meditative absorption and samadhi states
- Balance between all polarities
The Importance of Balance
In ordinary consciousness, Ida and Pingala dominate at different times, creating alternating states. You may notice that one nostril is typically more open than the other, and this naturally switches every 90-120 minutes.
When one channel dominates excessively, imbalance results:
- Excessive Ida: Lethargy, depression, overthinking, withdrawal
- Excessive Pingala: Agitation, aggression, burnout, restlessness
Sushumna remains dormant unless Ida and Pingala achieve perfect balance. This is the key insight: The central spiritual channel only activates when the left and right channels harmonize.
Nadi Shodhana creates this balance artificially through conscious breath control, training the system to maintain equilibrium naturally. With regular practice, the 90-minute nostril cycle becomes more balanced, and moments of Sushumna activation (equal flow through both nostrils) increase.
The Basic Technique: Step-by-Step Instructions
Nadi Shodhana follows a simple pattern that becomes natural with practice.
Preparation and Posture
Step 1: Find a Comfortable Seated Position
Sit in a comfortable cross-legged position such as Sukhasana (Easy Pose) or Padmasana (Lotus Pose). If these are uncomfortable, sit on a chair with feet flat on the floor and spine erect.
The essential element is an erect spine. The spine should be naturally aligned – not rigid or strained, but lifted and lengthened.
Place a cushion under your hips if needed to elevate them above your knees, reducing strain on the lower back.
Step 2: Relax Your Body
Close your eyes and take several natural breaths. Consciously relax your shoulders, face, and jaw. Keep a gentle smile, which naturally relaxes facial muscles.
Step 3: Position Your Left Hand
Rest your left hand on your left knee with palm facing upward in a receptive gesture. Alternatively, form Chin Mudra by touching the tip of your thumb to the tip of your index finger, with the other three fingers extended.
The Vishnu Mudra: Hand Position
Step 4: Form Vishnu Mudra with Your Right Hand
Fold your right index finger and middle finger toward your palm. These two fingers will rest gently against the fleshy part of your thumb.
Keep your thumb, ring finger, and little finger extended:
- The thumb will close the right nostril
- The ring finger and little finger together will close the left nostril
- The pinkie supports the ring finger, providing stability
Step 5: Position Your Right Hand
Bring your right hand toward your face with your elbow lifted to the side. Rest the tips of your index and middle fingers lightly on the space between your eyebrows (Ajna chakra or third eye).
Alternatively, these two folded fingers can rest gently against your forehead or hang naturally without touching anything.
Your thumb hovers near your right nostril while your ring and little fingers hover near your left nostril.
The Breathing Pattern
The core pattern is simple: Exhale left → Inhale left → Exhale right → Inhale right (repeat).
Step 6: Begin with an Exhalation Through the Left Nostril
Close your right nostril with your thumb. Breathe out gently and completely through your left nostril.
Step 7: Inhale Through the Left Nostril
Keeping the right nostril closed, inhale slowly, smoothly, and deeply through the left nostril. Fill your lungs comfortably without straining.
Step 8: Switch Sides – Exhale Through the Right Nostril
Close your left nostril with your ring and little fingers. Simultaneously release your thumb from the right nostril.
Exhale slowly and completely through the right nostril.
Step 9: Inhale Through the Right Nostril
Keep the left nostril closed. Inhale slowly and deeply through the right nostril.
Step 10: Switch Again – Exhale Through the Left Nostril
Close the right nostril with your thumb. Release the left nostril.
Exhale through the left nostril.
This completes one full round of Nadi Shodhana.
Duration and Rounds
For beginners: Practice 5-9 rounds (about 5 minutes).
For intermediate practitioners: 15-20 rounds (about 10-15 minutes).
For advanced practitioners: 20-30 rounds (about 20-30 minutes).
Remember: Always complete a round by exhaling through the left nostril, ensuring you end where you began.
Key Points for Proper Practice
- Slow, smooth, and silent
- Deep but not strained
- Continuous flow without jerking or pausing
- Equal length for inhalation and exhalation
- Gentle – just enough to close the nostril
- Not pressing forcefully against the septum
- The nostril should be closed without distorting the nose shape
- Maintain awareness on the breath flow
- Visualize breath traveling up one side of the body and down the other
- Keep attention at the point between the eyebrows (Ajna chakra)
- Let thoughts pass without engagement
- Minimal body movement
- Spine remains erect throughout
- Shoulders stay relaxed
- Face remains soft
Physical and Mental Benefits
Nadi Shodhana provides extensive benefits across multiple dimensions.
Nervous System Benefits
Activates the Parasympathetic Nervous System: The alternating pattern stimulates the vagus nerve, shifting the body from “fight or flight” sympathetic dominance to “rest and digest” parasympathetic mode. This activation:
- Lowers heart rate and blood pressure
- Reduces cortisol (stress hormone) levels
- Promotes relaxation and recovery
- Enhances immune function
Balances the Autonomic Nervous System: Regular practice creates equilibrium between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, improving stress resilience and emotional regulation.
Respiratory Benefits
Improves Lung Capacity: The deep, controlled breathing expands lung tissue and strengthens respiratory muscles.
Clears Nasal Passages: The focused breathing through each nostril individually helps clear mucus and improve sinus health.
Enhances Oxygen Circulation: Better breath control improves oxygen delivery to cells and carbon dioxide removal.
Supports Respiratory Health: Regular practice can benefit those with mild respiratory conditions (though precautions apply for severe cases).
Mental and Cognitive Benefits
Reduces Stress and Anxiety: Multiple studies confirm Nadi Shodhana’s effectiveness in lowering anxiety levels, with effects comparable to some anti-anxiety medications but without side effects.
Enhances Focus and Concentration: The practice trains attention and improves ability to concentrate for extended periods.
Balances Brain Hemispheres: The alternating pattern synchronizes left and right brain activity, integrating logical and intuitive faculties.
Improves Mental Clarity: Practitioners report clearer thinking, better decision-making, and reduced mental fog.
Calms Racing Thoughts: The focused attention on breath naturally quiets mental chatter and rumination.
Alleviates Depression: Regular practice shows promise in reducing depressive symptoms by balancing neurotransmitters and improving mood regulation.
Energetic and Spiritual Benefits
Purifies the Nadis: The primary purpose – clearing blockages in the 72,000 energy channels, allowing prana to flow freely.
Balances Ida and Pingala: Harmonizes the lunar and solar energies, creating conditions for Sushumna activation.
Prepares for Meditation: The calmed mind and balanced energy make deeper meditation states accessible.
Awakens Sushumna Nadi: Advanced practitioners report moments when breath flows equally through both nostrils – indication that the central spiritual channel has opened.
Supports Kundalini Awakening: Though Nadi Shodhana alone doesn’t awaken kundalini, it creates the purified channel necessary for safe kundalini rising.
Physiological Benefits
Regulates Blood Pressure: Regular practice can help normalize both high and low blood pressure.
Balances Hormones: The practice affects the pineal gland, which regulates hormones including melatonin and controls circadian rhythms.
Improves Cardiovascular Health: Reduced heart rate and blood pressure lower cardiovascular disease risk.
Enhances Sleep Quality: Evening practice activates relaxation responses that improve sleep onset and depth.
Supports Digestive Function: Parasympathetic activation enhances digestive processes and nutrient absorption.
Best Times and Optimal Conditions for Practice
When and where you practice Nadi Shodhana significantly affects results.
Optimal Times of Day
- Purifies mind and body for the day ahead
- Balances energy before engaging with daily activities
- Traditionally practiced after waking and morning hygiene
- Begin with the left nostril in the morning
- Releases accumulated stress from the day
- Prepares nervous system for restful sleep
- Calms mental activity before bed
- Begin with the right nostril in the evening (“right at night”)
- Creates optimal internal conditions for deeper meditation
- Balances energy and calms mind
- Can be practiced at any time as preparation
- As an immediate stress-relief tool
- Quick 5-minute sessions can reset nervous system
- Effective during work breaks or transitions
Environmental Conditions
Empty Stomach: Always practice on an empty stomach – at least 2-3 hours after eating. Full stomach interferes with breathing and energy flow.
Empty Bladder: Use the restroom before practice to avoid discomfort and distraction.
Clean, Well-Ventilated Space: Practice in a space with fresh air, away from pollution or strong odors.
Quiet Environment: Minimize external distractions to support inward focus.
Comfortable Temperature: Not too hot or cold – moderate temperature supports practice.
Integration with Other Practices
Within a Complete Yoga Session:
- Warm-up or light physical movement
- Asana (physical postures)
- Nadi Shodhana Pranayama
- Meditation
- Savasana (final relaxation)
- Can be practiced independently at any suitable time
- Especially useful for those with limited time for full yoga sessions
- Effective as a daily maintenance practice
Contraindications and Precautions
While generally safe, certain conditions require caution or modification.
Who Should Not Practice Nadi Shodhana
Individuals with Severe Respiratory Issues:
- Active asthma attacks or severe COPD
- Chronic sinusitis or severe nasal congestion
- Any condition causing breathing difficulty
Recommendation: Consult healthcare provider before beginning; start with very gentle practice if cleared.
People with High Blood Pressure or Heart Conditions:
- Should NOT practice with breath retention
- Can practice basic Nadi Shodhana without retention
- Should work under qualified instructor guidance
Recommendation: Practice only the basic technique without kumbhaka (breath retention).
Recommendation: Resume practice after full recovery.
Special Populations
- Can practice basic Nadi Shodhana without retention
- Should work with prenatal yoga instructor
- Avoid any breath retention or forced breathing
- Traditional Ayurvedic texts recommend avoiding all pranayama with retention during menstruation
- Basic practice without retention is generally acceptable
High Vata Individuals or Those with Anxiety Disorders:
- Should not practice with retention until stability is established
- Very gentle practice without retention is beneficial
- Should work with experienced teacher
When to Stop Practice
Discontinue immediately if you experience:
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Shortness of breath or gasping
- Chest pain or heart palpitations
- Nausea or headache
- Increased anxiety or panic
- Excessive strain or discomfort
These symptoms indicate improper technique or that the practice is unsuitable at this time.
Advanced Variations and Techniques
Once basic Nadi Shodhana is mastered, advanced variations deepen the practice.
With Breath Retention (Kumbhaka)
Only after 3+ months of daily basic practice should retention be introduced.
Antara Kumbhaka (retention after inhalation):
- Inhale through left nostril
- Close both nostrils and hold the breath
- Exhale through right nostril
- Inhale through right nostril
- Close both nostrils and hold
- Exhale through left nostril
Bahya Kumbhaka (retention after exhalation):
- Never force retention
- Stop if any strain develops
- Absolutely contraindicated for those with heart conditions or high blood pressure
- Can cause nervous system and dosha imbalance if practiced prematurely
Ratio Breathing
Advanced practitioners explore specific ratios between inhalation, retention, and exhalation.
- 1:1:1 – Equal inhalation, retention, and exhalation (e.g., 4:4:4 counts)
- 1:4:2 – The classical ratio: Inhale for 4, retain for 16, exhale for 8
- 1:2 – Inhale for 4, exhale for 8 (without retention, suitable for calming)
- 1:1:2 – Inhale for 4, retain for 4, exhale for 8
- Should be comfortable without strain
- Gradually extended over months/years
- Requires qualified teacher guidance
With Bandhas and Mudras
Jalandhara Bandha (throat lock):
- Applied during breath retention
- Chin lowered toward chest
- Intensifies energetic effects
- Should only be practiced under expert guidance
Visualization and Energy Awareness
- Imagine breath traveling up the left side of the body from pelvic floor to crown during left nostril inhalation
- Visualize breath descending the right side from crown to pelvic floor during right nostril exhalation
- Creates stronger energetic effect
- Advanced practitioners move awareness through each chakra with the breath
- Combines Nadi Shodhana with chakra meditation
Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
Being aware of common errors improves practice quality.
Technical Mistakes
- Problem: Breathing too hard or fast creates tension
- Solution: Keep breath slow, smooth, and gentle – you should barely hear it
- Problem: Inhaling longer than exhaling or vice versa
- Solution: Consciously match inhalation and exhalation duration
- Problem: Pressing too hard distorts nose shape and creates discomfort
- Solution: Use minimal pressure – just enough to seal the nostril
- Problem: Holding tension in upper body
- Solution: Regularly scan body and consciously relax; maintain gentle smile
- Problem: Slumping forward reduces breath capacity and energy flow
- Solution: Sit on cushion if needed; maintain natural spinal curves
Mental Mistakes
- Problem: Trying too hard to focus creates mental tension
- Solution: Gently return attention to breath when it wanders; be patient
- Problem: Expecting immediate transformation
- Solution: Trust the cumulative benefits of consistent practice
- Problem: Practicing sporadically prevents establishing rhythm
- Solution: Commit to daily practice, even if only 5 minutes
Practice Progression Mistakes
Rushing to Advanced Techniques:
- Problem: Adding retention or ratios prematurely
- Solution: Master basic technique for 3+ months before adding complexity
- Problem: Continuing practice during cold/flu
- Solution: Rest during acute illness; resume after recovery
- Problem: Beginning without settling into seated position
- Solution: Take a few natural breaths to settle before starting formal practice
Creating a Sustainable Daily Practice
Consistency transforms Nadi Shodhana from technique to lifestyle.
Building the Habit
- Begin with just 5 minutes daily
- Success with small commitment builds confidence
- Gradually extend duration over weeks/months
- Establish a specific time (morning and/or evening)
- Create a dedicated practice space
- Consistency triggers automatic habit formation
- Keep a simple log of daily practice
- Note duration and any observations
- Seeing progress motivates continuation
Deepening the Practice
- Add 1-2 minutes per week
- Work toward 15-20 minute sessions
- Advanced practitioners may do 30+ minutes
- Pay attention to breath quality – smoother, longer, more subtle
- Develop sensitivity to energy movement
- Notice which nostril dominates at different times
- Use as stress-management tool during the day
- Practice before important meetings or events
- Teach to family members for shared practice
Maintaining Long-Term Practice
- Join yoga classes where pranayama is taught
- Connect with other practitioners
- Consider working with a teacher periodically
- Revisit why you started the practice
- Notice benefits that have manifested
- Read yogic texts about pranayama
- Some days practice will feel easier than others
- Adjust duration as needed rather than abandoning practice
- Return to basics when feeling stuck
Frequently Asked Questions
What’s the difference between Nadi Shodhana and Anulom Vilom?
Many yoga traditions use these terms interchangeably to describe alternate nostril breathing. However, some schools make subtle distinctions. Nadi Shodhana typically refers to the basic alternating pattern without breath retention, while Anulom Vilom may include retention (kumbhaka) between inhalation and exhalation. In Anulom Vilom, you might inhale through the left nostril, hold the breath with both nostrils closed, then exhale through the right. For practical purposes, most modern yoga teachers treat them as the same fundamental technique, with retention being an advanced variation rather than a defining difference. When learning, focus on mastering the basic alternating pattern first, regardless of which name your teacher uses.
Can I practice Nadi Shodhana if I have a cold or congested nose?
No, you should not practice Nadi Shodhana when experiencing nasal congestion, active cold, flu, or sinus infection. The blocked passages prevent proper breath flow, making the technique impossible to perform correctly and potentially spreading infection deeper into the sinuses. Wait until your nasal passages are clear before resuming practice. During recovery from illness, you can practice simple deep breathing through both nostrils together, but avoid alternate nostril breathing until fully recovered. If you have chronic mild congestion, very gentle practice may be acceptable, but consult a qualified yoga teacher or healthcare provider first. The practice should never involve forcing breath through blocked passages.
How long should I practice before adding breath retention?
The traditional guideline is to practice basic Nadi Shodhana daily for at least 3 months before introducing any breath retention. This period allows your nervous system, respiratory system, and energy channels to adapt gradually. Practicing retention prematurely can cause imbalance in the mind, nervous system, and doshas. Even after three months, breath retention should be introduced very gradually under the guidance of an experienced teacher. Start with just 1-2 seconds of retention and increase by 1 second per week. Those with high blood pressure, heart conditions, anxiety disorders, or high Vata should never practice with retention. For many practitioners, the basic technique without retention provides all necessary benefits and remains the primary practice indefinitely.
Which nostril should I start with?
Traditional guidance suggests beginning with the left nostril in the morning and the right nostril in the evening. The maxim “right at night” helps you remember. This aligns with natural energy cycles – left nostril (Ida) breathing is cooling and calming, appropriate for evening, while right nostril (Pingala) breathing is energizing and warming, appropriate for morning. However, more advanced practitioners may begin by exhaling through whichever nostril is currently passive (less dominant). If you’re uncertain, simply start with the left nostril regardless of the time – this is always acceptable. The most important element is maintaining the consistent alternating pattern throughout the practice, not which side you begin with.
Can Nadi Shodhana help with anxiety and sleep problems?
Yes, substantial research confirms Nadi Shodhana’s effectiveness for both anxiety and sleep disorders. For anxiety, the practice activates the parasympathetic nervous system, reducing cortisol levels and calming the stress response. Studies show effects comparable to some anti-anxiety medications but without side effects. Regular practice (even just 5-10 minutes daily) significantly reduces anxiety symptoms within 2-4 weeks.
For sleep issues, evening practice 30-60 minutes before bed prepares the nervous system for rest. The calmed mind and balanced energy facilitate falling asleep faster and sleeping more deeply. Many practitioners report that chronic insomnia improves markedly with consistent evening Nadi Shodhana practice. However, this should complement, not replace, professional treatment for severe anxiety disorders or sleep disorders.
Is there a specific hand position I must use?
The traditional hand position is Vishnu Mudra – right hand with index and middle fingers folded, using thumb for right nostril and ring-pinky fingers for left nostril. However, you can use your left hand if right hand is injured or uncomfortable. Some practitioners use index finger instead of ring-pinky fingers for closing the left nostril. The essential requirements are: comfortable hand position that you can maintain steadily, ability to fully seal each nostril, and minimal pressure on the nose.
Left-handed practitioners may naturally prefer using their left hand – this is perfectly acceptable. What matters most is that you can breathe smoothly through each nostril when open and completely seal it when closed, without strain or discomfort. Experiment to find what works best for your anatomy and comfort.
Can children practice Nadi Shodhana?
Yes, children can practice Nadi Shodhana, and it offers wonderful benefits for focus, emotional regulation, and stress management. However, the practice should be age-appropriate. Children 8 and older can typically learn the full technique, though sessions should be shorter (3-5 minutes). For younger children (5-7), simplified versions work better – perhaps just breathing awareness or very brief alternate nostril practice presented as a game.
Never include breath retention for children – only the basic alternating pattern. Parents should practice alongside children, making it a shared family activity. Children with ADHD often benefit significantly from regular Nadi Shodhana, as it trains attention and calms hyperactivity. Introduce gently, keep sessions short, and make it enjoyable rather than forced.
What’s the ideal duration for daily practice?
For beginners, 5 minutes daily is sufficient to establish the habit and begin experiencing benefits. For intermediate practitioners, 10-15 minutes (approximately 15-20 rounds) provides substantial effects. Advanced practitioners often practice 20-30 minutes or longer. However, consistency matters more than duration – 5 minutes daily is far more beneficial than 30 minutes once a week. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika recommends practicing twice daily – morning and evening.
If you can only practice once daily, choose morning for energizing effects or evening for calming effects based on your needs. As your practice deepens, you may naturally want to extend duration. Listen to your body and gradually increase time rather than forcing long sessions prematurely. Quality of attention and smoothness of breath matter more than total minutes.
The Path to Purification
Nadi Shodhana transcends mere breathing exercise to become a profound practice of inner purification. Every time you alternate breath between nostrils, you’re not just moving air but consciously directing prana through subtle energy channels that modern anatomy doesn’t recognize but yogic experience has mapped for millennia.
The practice offers something rare in modern wellness culture: a technique that is simultaneously simple enough for complete beginners yet deep enough to occupy advanced practitioners for decades. The five-minute beginner experiencing reduced anxiety and the 30-year practitioner entering Sushumna-activated meditation are engaging the same fundamental pattern, simply at different depths.
What makes Nadi Shodhana particularly valuable for contemporary life is its dual action – it provides immediate stress relief that you can feel within minutes, while simultaneously creating long-term energetic purification that supports spiritual awakening. In a culture demanding instant results, this practice delivers both quick benefits and profound transformation.
The Hatha Yoga Pradipika’s insistence that Nadi Shodhana must precede all advanced pranayama reveals ancient wisdom: before attempting complex breathing techniques, purify the channels themselves. This principle extends beyond yoga – before pursuing ambitious goals, establish fundamental balance.
Perhaps most significantly, Nadi Shodhana demonstrates that the path to transcendence passes through the body, not around it. By consciously working with breath and subtle energy, using fingers to direct airflow, alternating between nostrils – these physical actions create conditions for consciousness to expand beyond physical limitations. The mundane becomes sacred; breathing becomes prayer; technique becomes transformation.
About the Author
Anjali Deshmukh – Historian & Scholar of Ancient Indian Civilization
Anjali Deshmukh is a renowned historian specializing in ancient Indian history, Hindu philosophy, and the decolonization of historical narratives. With a Ph.D. from Banaras Hindu University, his research focuses on Vedic traditions, temple architecture, and re-examining Indian history through indigenous frameworks rather than colonial perspectives. He has published extensively in academic journals and authored books on Hindu civilization’s contributions to world knowledge systems. Anjali Deshmukh is committed to presenting authentic, evidence-based accounts of India’s spiritual and cultural heritage.
