The term Hindutva was coined by the visionary revolutionary and philosopher Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (V.D. Savarkar) in his seminal 1923 treatise, ‘Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?’. His philosophy articulated a cultural, civilizational, and national identity for the people of Bharatavarsha, deeply rooted in the shared heritage and spiritual essence of Sanatan Dharma, extending beyond mere religious adherence.
| Attribute | Details |
|---|---|
| Term Coiner | Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (V.D. Savarkar) |
| Key Work | Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (1923) |
| Core Concept | A holistic cultural, civilizational, and national identity for all Hindus |
| Philosophical Basis | Shared Pitru-bhumi (fatherland), Punya-bhumi (holy land), common culture, history, and language (Sanskrit) |
| Historical Context | Early 20th-century India, amidst colonial subjugation and burgeoning nationalist movements |
| Significance | Provided a coherent framework for Hindu identity, distinct from mere religious worship |
The Inception of a Civilizational Identity: Understanding Hindutva
In the vast tapestry of Sanatan Dharma, the concept of collective identity has always been implicitly woven into the fabric of Bharatavarsha. However, it was the intellectual prowess and profound insight of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar that gave concrete form and a specific nomenclature to this shared heritage, defining it as Hindutva. This term, far from being a mere political slogan, represents a profound philosophical articulation of a civilizational identity, an understanding crucial for every sincere seeker and devotee navigating the complexities of modern discourse. Savarkar’s work emerged from a deep contemplation of India’s unique spiritual, cultural, and historical trajectory, seeking to forge a unifying vision for the Hindu people under challenging colonial rule.
Ancient Roots of Hindu Consciousness and the Need for Articulation
While the term Hindutva itself is a modern construct from the 20th century, the consciousness it sought to encapsulate has ancient roots, stretching back into the very dawn of our civilization. Our sacred scriptures, the Vedas, Puranas, and Itihasas, consistently describe Bharatavarsha (भारतवर्ष) not merely as a geographical entity, but as a sacred land, a Karma-bhumi (land of righteous action) and Dharma-kshetra (field of righteousness). The Vishnu Purana (Book II, Chapter III) famously declares: “उत्तरं यत्समुद्रस्य हिमाद्रेश्चैव दक्षिणम् । वर्षं तद् भारतं नाम भारती यत्र सन्ततिः ॥” (Uttaram yat samudrasya himadreschaiva dakshinam. Varsham tad Bharatam nama Bharati yatra santatih.) meaning, “The country that lies north of the Indian Ocean and south of the snowy mountains is called Bharata; there dwell the descendants of Bharata.” This foundational understanding of a distinct land and people, bound by shared sacred geography and spiritual lineage, laid the groundwork for the later articulation of Hindu identity.
The Markandeya Purana and Vayu Purana further elaborate on the divisions of Jambu-dwipa, consistently placing Bharata as the central land where Dharma is best practiced. Over millennia, a common culture, a reverence for the Vedas, shared epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and a pantheon of Devis and Devatas fostered a deep sense of unity among the diverse communities inhabiting this land. However, centuries of foreign invasions and colonial subjugation gradually eroded this innate sense of collective self-awareness. It was in this backdrop of national awakening and the urgent need for a clear, unifying identity that V.D. Savarkar, an ardent revolutionary and profound thinker, presented his treatise on Hindutva.
Philosophical Foundations: Savarkar’s Vision of Hindutva
Savarkar’s most significant contribution was his systematic articulation of Hindutva, distinguishing it from mere Hinduism (Hindu Dharma). For him, Hinduism was the religious facet, one of many creeds within the broader Hindu civilization. Hindutva, conversely, was a comprehensive identity – cultural, national, and civilizational – that encompassed all who regarded Bharatavarsha as their Pitru-bhumi (fatherland) and Punya-bhumi (holy land). This expanded definition was revolutionary, moving beyond sectarian religious demarcations to embrace a shared historical, geographical, and cultural heritage.
In his 1923 book, Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu?, Savarkar systematically laid out three essential bonds that define a Hindu:
- Territorial Bond (Rashtra): One must regard the land stretching from the Sindhu (Indus) River to the seas, from the Himalayas to the Indian Ocean, as their homeland – their Janmabhoomi (birthplace).
- Racial/Ancestral Bond (Jati): A Hindu is one who inherits the blood of the great ancestors of this land, sharing a common history, heritage, and cultural legacy. Savarkar used ‘race’ in a cultural sense, referring to a common lineage and shared heritage rather than a biological one.
- Cultural Bond (Sanskriti): One must cherish the common culture, civilization, and spiritual heritage originating from this land, holding it as their own. This includes reverence for Sanskrit, the Vedic scriptures, the Puranas, and the great heroes and festivals of the land. Crucially, this bond entails seeing Bharatavarsha as one’s Punya-bhumi – the land where one’s religion or spiritual path originated.
Savarkar’s intent was to provide a robust framework for national unity, arguing that all who shared these three bonds were integral to the Hindu nation, irrespective of their specific mode of worship. His philosophy aimed to awaken a dormant civilizational pride and solidarity.
Core Tenets and Their Resonance with Sanatan Dharma
Savarkar’s Hindutva, while a modern articulation, drew its strength from the ancient ethos of Sanatan Dharma. The core tenets he propagated are deeply intertwined with the values that have sustained our civilization for millennia:
- Unity in Diversity (Ekatmata): Savarkar envisioned a Hindu society that celebrated its vast internal diversity – regional, linguistic, and even sectarian – but remained unified by the overarching identity of Hindutva. This mirrors the Sanatan Dharmic principle of “एकं सत् विप्रा बहुधा वदन्ति” (Ekam Sat Viprah Bahudha Vadanti – “Truth is One, Sages Call it by Various Names”), emphasizing fundamental unity despite diverse expressions.
- Cultural Nationalism: For Savarkar, the Hindu nation was not merely a political entity but a cultural one, defined by a shared heritage, traditions, and an enduring civilizational spirit. This cultural rootedness is the essence of Sanatan Dharma, which permeates every aspect of life – art, literature, music, and daily customs.
- Reverence for Dharma: At its heart, Hindutva championed the protection and promotion of Dharma (धर्म) – righteousness, cosmic order, and ethical conduct – which is the foundational principle of Sanatan Dharma. Savarkar believed that a strong Hindu society was essential for the preservation of this eternal Dharma.
- Emphasis on Sanskrit: Recognizing Sanskrit (संस्कृतम्) as the sacred language and the fount of Indian knowledge, Savarkar underscored its importance in preserving the cultural and spiritual unity of the Hindu people, a sentiment deeply resonant with traditional Vedic wisdom.
Understanding these tenets is vital for any devotee seeking to grasp the full spectrum of our heritage. For a deeper dive into these ancient principles, please visit Hindutva.online.
Misconceptions & Clarifications about Hindutva
- Hindutva is not Hinduism: Savarkar explicitly clarified that Hindutva is a broader term encompassing the entire Hindu civilization, while Hinduism refers specifically to the religious practices and beliefs within that civilization. One can be a Hindu by culture and ancestry without necessarily adhering to specific religious rituals.
- It is not exclusionary of diversity: Savarkar’s definition was an attempt to include all those who shared the land, ancestry, and culture of Bharatavarsha, transcending caste, linguistic, or regional differences. It sought to build unity based on common heritage.
- It is not a political ideology alone: While it has political implications and has influenced political movements, Savarkar’s Hindutva is fundamentally a cultural and civilizational philosophy aimed at national consolidation and identity formation.
Is Hindutva a religion?
No, Hindutva is not a religion in the conventional sense. V.D. Savarkar explicitly defined it as a comprehensive cultural, civilizational, and national identity for the people of Bharatavarsha. While Hinduism (Hindu Dharma) is a religion that is a vital component of this broader identity, Hindutva itself encompasses a shared geographical origin (Pitru-bhumi) and a common cultural heritage (Punya-bhumi) that extends beyond specific religious dogma or practices.
How does Savarkar define ‘Hindu’?
Savarkar defines a ‘Hindu’ as an individual who regards Bharatavarsha (India) as their Janmabhoomi (birthplace), Pitru-bhumi (fatherland), and Punya-bhumi (holy land). This tripartite definition emphasizes shared geography, common ancestry/heritage, and a cultural affinity where the land itself is sacred as the origin of their spiritual and cultural moorings. It is a broad, inclusive definition based on civilizational loyalty and shared heritage.
What is the difference between Hinduism and Hindutva?
The key difference is scope. Hinduism refers to the diverse religious traditions, philosophies, rituals, and spiritual practices collectively known as Sanatan Dharma. It is the spiritual and theological aspect. Hindutva, as coined by Savarkar, is a much wider concept. It represents the entire cultural, national, and civilizational identity of the Hindu people, of which Hinduism (the religion) is a central but not the sole component. Hindutva provides the framework for collective identity; Hinduism provides the spiritual content.
Why This Matters for Every Hindu
Understanding the origins and philosophy of Hindutva, as articulated by V.D. Savarkar, is not merely an academic exercise; it is fundamental to comprehending the modern articulation of Hindu identity. It offers a framework to appreciate the enduring civilizational continuity of Bharatavarsha, linking our ancient past with our present and future. By recognizing the profound connections between our land, our heritage, and our Dharma, we strengthen our resolve to preserve the eternal values of Sanatan Dharma for generations to come. This clarity empowers every Hindu to engage with their heritage with pride, conviction, and a deep sense of belonging, contributing meaningfully to the glorious future of our civilization. Learn more about our rich heritage at Hindutva.online.
